The Nazi German administration expands
Kraków-Płaszów concentration camp into the larger standalone Konzentrationslager Plaszow bei Krakau in occupied Poland.
February 18 – WWII: British light cruiser
HMS Penelope is torpedoed and sunk by
U-410 in the Mediterranean; 417 of her crew, including the captain, go down with the ship; 206 survive.
British
Royal Air Force Flight Sergeant
Nicholas Alkemade's bomber is hit over Germany, and he has to bail out without a
parachute from a height of over 4,000 meters (13,123 ft). Tree branches interrupt his fall and he lands safely on deep snow.
April 1 – The Swiss city of
Schaffhausen is
accidentally bombed by the United States causing serious damage to the city and killing or wounding more than 100 people.[13]
Allied bombardment of
Bucharest, Romania begins. The United States Air Force and British Royal Air Force, with approximately 3,640 bombers of different types, accompanied by about 1,830 fighters bomb
Romania for the following 4½ months. As collateral damage, 5,524 inhabitants are killed, 3,373 injured, and 47,974 left homeless.
April 14 –
Bombay Explosion: Freighter SS Fort Stikine, carrying a mixed cargo of ammunition, cotton bales and gold, explodes in harbour at
Bombay (India), sinking surrounding ships and killing around 800 people.World War II: Also, on this day, as part of the Japanese supported Axis forces led by Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose, fighting for India's liberation from British rule, Col. Shaukat Ali Malik of the Bahadur Group of the Indian National Army entered Moirang in present day Manipur in northeastern India and raised the flag of the Azri Hukumat e-Azad Hind for the first time on Indian soil. This is considered to be one of the 1st times in British Indian history where an army of liberation raised the national flag on Indian mainland.[15]
May 5 – WWII:
Mohandas Gandhi is released from jail in India, on health grounds.
May 9 – WWII: In the Ukrainian city of
Sevastopol, Soviet troops completely drive out German forces, who had been ordered by
Hitler to “fight to the last man.”[21]
May 12 – WWII: Soviet troops finalize the liberation of the
Crimea.
May 31 – WWII: American destroyer escort
USS England sinks the sixth Japanese submarine in two weeks. This
anti-submarine warfare performance remains unmatched through the 20th century.
Rome falls to the
Allies, the first
Axis capital to fall.
A hunter-killer group of the
United States Navy captures the
German submarine U-505, marking the first time a U.S. Navy vessel has captured an enemy vessel at sea since the
War of 1812. Some significant intelligence data is acquired.
The German navy's
Enigma messages are decoded in England almost in real time.
British
Group CaptainJames Stagg correctly forecasts a brief improvement in weather conditions over the
English Channel, which will permit the following day's
Normandy landings to take place (having been deferred from today due to unfavourable weather).
June 6 – WWII:
D-Day: 155,000
Allied troops shipped from England land on the beaches of
Normandy in northern France, beginning
Operation Overlord and the
Invasion of Normandy. The Allied soldiers quickly break through the
Atlantic Wall and push inland, in the largest amphibious
military operation in history. This operation helps liberate France from Germany, and also weakens the Nazi hold on Europe.
Operation Perch, a British attempt to capture
Caen from the Germans, commences; it is abandoned on June 14.
The steamer Danae (
Greek: Δανάη), carrying 600
Cretans (including 350 Greek Jews) on the first leg of the journey to
Auschwitz, is sunk, with no known survivors, off
Santorini.
Operation Bagration: A general attack by
Soviet forces clears the German forces from
Belarus, resulting in the destruction of German
Army Group Centre, possibly the greatest defeat of the Wehrmacht during WWII.
Battle of Tali-Ihantala (the largest battle ever in the
Nordic countries): Finland is able to resist the Soviet attack, and thus manages to remain an independent nation.
Battle of Imphal: Japanese forces call off their advance, ending the battle with a British victory.
July 6 – WWII: At
Camp Hood, Texas, future baseball star and 1st Lt.
Jackie Robinson is arrested and later
court-martialed, for refusing to move to the back of a segregated U.S. Army bus (he is eventually acquitted).
July 9 – WWII: British and Canadian forces capture
Caen.
July 10–
11 – WWII:
Operation Jupiter during the Battle of Normandy of World War II: British strategic victory over German Panzer Corps.
July 10 – WWII: Soviet troops begin operations to liberate the
Baltic countries from Nazi occupation.
American forces push back the Germans in
Saint-Lô, capturing the city.
British forces launch
Operation Goodwood, an armoured offensive aimed at driving the Germans from the high ground to the south of
Caen. The offensive ends 2 days later with minimal gains.
The new Polish Committee of National Liberation publishes the
PKWN Manifesto in
Chełm, calling for a continuation of fighting against Nazi Germany, radical reforms including nationalisation of industry, and a "decent border in the West" (the
Oder–Neisse line).
United States v. Masaaki Kuwabara,[30] the only
Japanese American draft avoidance case to be dismissed on a due process violation of the U.S. Constitution.
Operation Spring: One of the bloodiest days for Canadian forces during the war results in 1,550 casualties, including 450 killed, during the
Normandy Campaign.
Operation Cobra: American forces launch an air and ground offensive against the German defenders in western Normandy, forcing them to retreat.
The Holocaust: A tip from a
Dutch informer leads the
Gestapo to a sealed-off area in an
Amsterdam warehouse, where they find Jewish diarist
Anne Frank, her family, and others in hiding. All will die in captivity, except for
Otto Frank, Anne's father.[37]
Cowra breakout: Over 500 Japanese prisoners of war attempt a mass breakout from the
Cowra camp in Australia. In the ensuing manhunt, 231 Japanese escapees and four Australian soldiers are killed.
August 7 –
IBM dedicates the first program-controlled
calculator, the Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (known best as the
Harvard Mark I).
August 18 – WWII: American submarine
USS Rasher sinks Teia Maru, Eishin Maru, Teiyu Maru, and
aircraft carrierTaiyō from Japanese convoy HI71, in one of the most effective American "
wolfpack" attacks of the war.[39]
The
Dumbarton Oaks Conference (Washington Conversations on International Peace and Security Organization) opens in Washington, D.C.: U.S., British, Chinese, French and Soviet representatives meet to plan the foundation of the
United Nations.[27]
WWII:
Operation Tractable concludes, when Canadian troops relieve the Polish and link with the Americans, capturing remaining German forces in the
Falaise Pocket, and securing the strategically important French town of
Falaise, in the final offensive of the
Battle of Normandy.
Holocaust of Kedros: German Wehrmacht infantry begin an intimidatory razing operation, killing 164, against the civilian residents of nine villages in the
Amari Valley on the occupied Greek island of
Crete.
King Michael's Coup:
Ion Antonescu, Conducator of
Romania, and Mihai Antonescu, prime minister of Romania, are arrested and a new military government established. Romania leaves the war against the
Soviet Union, joining the
Allies. General Constantin Sanatescu is the "armed force" of the coup d'état and will be appointed by
King Michael of Romania as prime minister of Romania on September 1.
An approaching formation of 36 US
bombers is engaged by a German fighter squadron (Jagdgeschwader) in the
Battle over the Ore Mountains. After the first German attack on the bombers, US Mustangs attack the German squadron in aerial dogfights.
After German forces declare the evacuation of
Estonia the day before, the Estonian national government
briefly resumes control of
Tallinn before the Soviet advance.
September 22 – WWII: The
Red Army captures
Tallinn,
Estonia. Prime Minister in Duties of the
President of EstoniaJüri Uluots and 80,000 Estonian civilians manage to escape to Sweden and Germany. The evacuees include almost the entire population of
Estonian Swedes. Soviet bombing raids on the evacuating ships sink several, with thousands on board.
American and Filipino troops (with Filipino guerrillas) begin the
Battle of Leyte in the
Philippines. American forces land on Red Beach in
Palo, Leyte, as General
Douglas MacArthur returns to the Philippines with Philippine Commonwealth president
Sergio Osmeña and
Armed Forces of the Philippines Generals Basilio J. Valdes and
Carlos P. Romulo. American forces land on the beaches in
Dulag, Leyte, accompanied by Filipino troops entering the town, and fiercely opposed by the Japanese occupation forces. The combined forces liberate
Tacloban.
76-year-old American amateur soprano
Florence Foster Jenkins gives a sell-out public recital in
Carnegie Hall, New York. The audience and press are scathing: "she can sing everything except notes".[50] 5 days later she suffers a fatal heart attack, dying at home on November 26.
Laurence Olivier's film Henry V, based on
Shakespeare's play, opens in London. It is the most acclaimed and the most successful movie version of a Shakespeare play made up to this time, and the first in
Technicolor. Olivier both stars and directs.[53]
December 10 – Italian conductor
Arturo Toscanini leads a concert performance of the first half of
Beethoven's Fidelio (minus its spoken dialogue) on
NBC Radio, starring
Rose Bampton. He chooses this opera for its political message: a statement against tyranny and dictatorship. Presenting it in German, Toscanini intends it as a tribute to the German people who are being oppressed by Hitler. The second half is broadcast a week later. The performance is later released on LP and CD, the first of 7 operas that Toscanini conducts on radio.
December 12–
13 – WWII: British units attempt to take the Italian hilltop town of Tossignano, but are repulsed.
Malmedy massacre: German
SS troops under
Joachim Peiper machine gun American prisoners of war captured during the Battle of the Bulge near
Malmedy, and elsewhere in Belgium.
Bombing of Ulm: 707 people are killed and 25,000 left homeless.
WWII: Brigadier General
Anthony C. McAuliffe, commander of the U.S. forces defending
Bastogne, refuses to accept demands for surrender by sending a one-word reply, "Nuts!", to the German command.
WWII:
Bande massacre: 34 men between the ages of 17 and 32 are executed by the
Sicherheitsdienst near Bande,
Belgium, in retaliation for the killing of 3 German soldiers.
The first complete U.S. production of Tchaikovsky's ballet The Nutcracker is presented in
San Francisco, choreographed by
Willam Christensen. It will become an annual tradition there, and for the next ten years, the San Francisco Ballet will be the only company in the United States performing the complete work.
December 31 – WWII:
Battle of Leyte – Tens of thousands of Imperial Japanese Army soldiers are killed in action, in a significant Filipino/Allied military victory.
^"Convoy Take Ichi"(PDF). All Japan Seamen's Union. Retrieved November 17, 2011.
^Small, Ken; Rogerson, Mark (1988). The Forgotten Dead – Why 946 American Servicemen Died off the Coast of Devon in 1944 – and the Man who Discovered their True Story. London: Bloomsbury.
ISBN978-0-7475-0309-5.
^Asperger, Hans (June 3, 1944). "Die "Autistischen Psychopathen" im Kindesalter". Archiv für Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten. 117 (1): 76–136.
doi:
10.1007/BF01837709.
S2CID33674869.
^Prose, Francine (August 1, 2014).
"Anne Frank's final entry". CNN. Retrieved August 1, 2014. On Friday, August 4, 1944... a car pulled up in front of a spice warehouse at
263 Prinsengracht in Amsterdam. Inside the car were an Austrian Gestapo officer and his Dutch subordinates, who, acting on a tip-off (whose source has never been identified), had come to arrest the eight Jews who had been hiding for two years in an attic above the warehouse. The eight prisoners were taken to a deportation camp, from where they were sent to
Auschwitz. Only one of them, Otto Frank, would survive.
^Bruge, Roger (1994). 1944 – Le temps des Massacres: Les crimes de la Gestapo et de la 51e Brigade SS. Albin Michel.
ISBN2-226-06966-6.
^Van der Zee, Henri A. (1982). The Hunger Winter: Occupied Holland 1944–5. London: Norman & Hobhouse.
ISBN978-0-906908-71-6.
^Penkkala-Arikka, Päivi (2006) Erään Mauno Olavin tarina. Olavi Laiho, viimeinen teloitettu suomalainen ["A Story of one Mauno Olavi. Olavi Laiho, the last executed Finn."]. (Master's thesis) University of Helsinki
^van der Kuil, Peter (March 2003).
"List of Casualties". The Sinking of the Junyo Maru. Archived from
the original on March 12, 2012.
^As does
Kenneth Branagh reprising the role over forty years later in his successful
remake.
^Reed, John (1977). "Largest Wartime Explosions: 21 Maintenance Unit, RAF Fauld, Staffs. November 27, 1944". After the Battle. 18: 35–40.
ISSN0306-154X.
^"Mildred Harris Dies In West". St. Petersburg Times. Associated Press. July 21, 1944. Retrieved November 29, 2021. ... actress in the silent film days, and first wife of Comedian Charles Spencer Chaplin, died yesterday of pneumonia which followed a major abdominal operation....
The Nazi German administration expands
Kraków-Płaszów concentration camp into the larger standalone Konzentrationslager Plaszow bei Krakau in occupied Poland.
February 18 – WWII: British light cruiser
HMS Penelope is torpedoed and sunk by
U-410 in the Mediterranean; 417 of her crew, including the captain, go down with the ship; 206 survive.
British
Royal Air Force Flight Sergeant
Nicholas Alkemade's bomber is hit over Germany, and he has to bail out without a
parachute from a height of over 4,000 meters (13,123 ft). Tree branches interrupt his fall and he lands safely on deep snow.
April 1 – The Swiss city of
Schaffhausen is
accidentally bombed by the United States causing serious damage to the city and killing or wounding more than 100 people.[13]
Allied bombardment of
Bucharest, Romania begins. The United States Air Force and British Royal Air Force, with approximately 3,640 bombers of different types, accompanied by about 1,830 fighters bomb
Romania for the following 4½ months. As collateral damage, 5,524 inhabitants are killed, 3,373 injured, and 47,974 left homeless.
April 14 –
Bombay Explosion: Freighter SS Fort Stikine, carrying a mixed cargo of ammunition, cotton bales and gold, explodes in harbour at
Bombay (India), sinking surrounding ships and killing around 800 people.World War II: Also, on this day, as part of the Japanese supported Axis forces led by Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose, fighting for India's liberation from British rule, Col. Shaukat Ali Malik of the Bahadur Group of the Indian National Army entered Moirang in present day Manipur in northeastern India and raised the flag of the Azri Hukumat e-Azad Hind for the first time on Indian soil. This is considered to be one of the 1st times in British Indian history where an army of liberation raised the national flag on Indian mainland.[15]
May 5 – WWII:
Mohandas Gandhi is released from jail in India, on health grounds.
May 9 – WWII: In the Ukrainian city of
Sevastopol, Soviet troops completely drive out German forces, who had been ordered by
Hitler to “fight to the last man.”[21]
May 12 – WWII: Soviet troops finalize the liberation of the
Crimea.
May 31 – WWII: American destroyer escort
USS England sinks the sixth Japanese submarine in two weeks. This
anti-submarine warfare performance remains unmatched through the 20th century.
Rome falls to the
Allies, the first
Axis capital to fall.
A hunter-killer group of the
United States Navy captures the
German submarine U-505, marking the first time a U.S. Navy vessel has captured an enemy vessel at sea since the
War of 1812. Some significant intelligence data is acquired.
The German navy's
Enigma messages are decoded in England almost in real time.
British
Group CaptainJames Stagg correctly forecasts a brief improvement in weather conditions over the
English Channel, which will permit the following day's
Normandy landings to take place (having been deferred from today due to unfavourable weather).
June 6 – WWII:
D-Day: 155,000
Allied troops shipped from England land on the beaches of
Normandy in northern France, beginning
Operation Overlord and the
Invasion of Normandy. The Allied soldiers quickly break through the
Atlantic Wall and push inland, in the largest amphibious
military operation in history. This operation helps liberate France from Germany, and also weakens the Nazi hold on Europe.
Operation Perch, a British attempt to capture
Caen from the Germans, commences; it is abandoned on June 14.
The steamer Danae (
Greek: Δανάη), carrying 600
Cretans (including 350 Greek Jews) on the first leg of the journey to
Auschwitz, is sunk, with no known survivors, off
Santorini.
Operation Bagration: A general attack by
Soviet forces clears the German forces from
Belarus, resulting in the destruction of German
Army Group Centre, possibly the greatest defeat of the Wehrmacht during WWII.
Battle of Tali-Ihantala (the largest battle ever in the
Nordic countries): Finland is able to resist the Soviet attack, and thus manages to remain an independent nation.
Battle of Imphal: Japanese forces call off their advance, ending the battle with a British victory.
July 6 – WWII: At
Camp Hood, Texas, future baseball star and 1st Lt.
Jackie Robinson is arrested and later
court-martialed, for refusing to move to the back of a segregated U.S. Army bus (he is eventually acquitted).
July 9 – WWII: British and Canadian forces capture
Caen.
July 10–
11 – WWII:
Operation Jupiter during the Battle of Normandy of World War II: British strategic victory over German Panzer Corps.
July 10 – WWII: Soviet troops begin operations to liberate the
Baltic countries from Nazi occupation.
American forces push back the Germans in
Saint-Lô, capturing the city.
British forces launch
Operation Goodwood, an armoured offensive aimed at driving the Germans from the high ground to the south of
Caen. The offensive ends 2 days later with minimal gains.
The new Polish Committee of National Liberation publishes the
PKWN Manifesto in
Chełm, calling for a continuation of fighting against Nazi Germany, radical reforms including nationalisation of industry, and a "decent border in the West" (the
Oder–Neisse line).
United States v. Masaaki Kuwabara,[30] the only
Japanese American draft avoidance case to be dismissed on a due process violation of the U.S. Constitution.
Operation Spring: One of the bloodiest days for Canadian forces during the war results in 1,550 casualties, including 450 killed, during the
Normandy Campaign.
Operation Cobra: American forces launch an air and ground offensive against the German defenders in western Normandy, forcing them to retreat.
The Holocaust: A tip from a
Dutch informer leads the
Gestapo to a sealed-off area in an
Amsterdam warehouse, where they find Jewish diarist
Anne Frank, her family, and others in hiding. All will die in captivity, except for
Otto Frank, Anne's father.[37]
Cowra breakout: Over 500 Japanese prisoners of war attempt a mass breakout from the
Cowra camp in Australia. In the ensuing manhunt, 231 Japanese escapees and four Australian soldiers are killed.
August 7 –
IBM dedicates the first program-controlled
calculator, the Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (known best as the
Harvard Mark I).
August 18 – WWII: American submarine
USS Rasher sinks Teia Maru, Eishin Maru, Teiyu Maru, and
aircraft carrierTaiyō from Japanese convoy HI71, in one of the most effective American "
wolfpack" attacks of the war.[39]
The
Dumbarton Oaks Conference (Washington Conversations on International Peace and Security Organization) opens in Washington, D.C.: U.S., British, Chinese, French and Soviet representatives meet to plan the foundation of the
United Nations.[27]
WWII:
Operation Tractable concludes, when Canadian troops relieve the Polish and link with the Americans, capturing remaining German forces in the
Falaise Pocket, and securing the strategically important French town of
Falaise, in the final offensive of the
Battle of Normandy.
Holocaust of Kedros: German Wehrmacht infantry begin an intimidatory razing operation, killing 164, against the civilian residents of nine villages in the
Amari Valley on the occupied Greek island of
Crete.
King Michael's Coup:
Ion Antonescu, Conducator of
Romania, and Mihai Antonescu, prime minister of Romania, are arrested and a new military government established. Romania leaves the war against the
Soviet Union, joining the
Allies. General Constantin Sanatescu is the "armed force" of the coup d'état and will be appointed by
King Michael of Romania as prime minister of Romania on September 1.
An approaching formation of 36 US
bombers is engaged by a German fighter squadron (Jagdgeschwader) in the
Battle over the Ore Mountains. After the first German attack on the bombers, US Mustangs attack the German squadron in aerial dogfights.
After German forces declare the evacuation of
Estonia the day before, the Estonian national government
briefly resumes control of
Tallinn before the Soviet advance.
September 22 – WWII: The
Red Army captures
Tallinn,
Estonia. Prime Minister in Duties of the
President of EstoniaJüri Uluots and 80,000 Estonian civilians manage to escape to Sweden and Germany. The evacuees include almost the entire population of
Estonian Swedes. Soviet bombing raids on the evacuating ships sink several, with thousands on board.
American and Filipino troops (with Filipino guerrillas) begin the
Battle of Leyte in the
Philippines. American forces land on Red Beach in
Palo, Leyte, as General
Douglas MacArthur returns to the Philippines with Philippine Commonwealth president
Sergio Osmeña and
Armed Forces of the Philippines Generals Basilio J. Valdes and
Carlos P. Romulo. American forces land on the beaches in
Dulag, Leyte, accompanied by Filipino troops entering the town, and fiercely opposed by the Japanese occupation forces. The combined forces liberate
Tacloban.
76-year-old American amateur soprano
Florence Foster Jenkins gives a sell-out public recital in
Carnegie Hall, New York. The audience and press are scathing: "she can sing everything except notes".[50] 5 days later she suffers a fatal heart attack, dying at home on November 26.
Laurence Olivier's film Henry V, based on
Shakespeare's play, opens in London. It is the most acclaimed and the most successful movie version of a Shakespeare play made up to this time, and the first in
Technicolor. Olivier both stars and directs.[53]
December 10 – Italian conductor
Arturo Toscanini leads a concert performance of the first half of
Beethoven's Fidelio (minus its spoken dialogue) on
NBC Radio, starring
Rose Bampton. He chooses this opera for its political message: a statement against tyranny and dictatorship. Presenting it in German, Toscanini intends it as a tribute to the German people who are being oppressed by Hitler. The second half is broadcast a week later. The performance is later released on LP and CD, the first of 7 operas that Toscanini conducts on radio.
December 12–
13 – WWII: British units attempt to take the Italian hilltop town of Tossignano, but are repulsed.
Malmedy massacre: German
SS troops under
Joachim Peiper machine gun American prisoners of war captured during the Battle of the Bulge near
Malmedy, and elsewhere in Belgium.
Bombing of Ulm: 707 people are killed and 25,000 left homeless.
WWII: Brigadier General
Anthony C. McAuliffe, commander of the U.S. forces defending
Bastogne, refuses to accept demands for surrender by sending a one-word reply, "Nuts!", to the German command.
WWII:
Bande massacre: 34 men between the ages of 17 and 32 are executed by the
Sicherheitsdienst near Bande,
Belgium, in retaliation for the killing of 3 German soldiers.
The first complete U.S. production of Tchaikovsky's ballet The Nutcracker is presented in
San Francisco, choreographed by
Willam Christensen. It will become an annual tradition there, and for the next ten years, the San Francisco Ballet will be the only company in the United States performing the complete work.
December 31 – WWII:
Battle of Leyte – Tens of thousands of Imperial Japanese Army soldiers are killed in action, in a significant Filipino/Allied military victory.
^"Convoy Take Ichi"(PDF). All Japan Seamen's Union. Retrieved November 17, 2011.
^Small, Ken; Rogerson, Mark (1988). The Forgotten Dead – Why 946 American Servicemen Died off the Coast of Devon in 1944 – and the Man who Discovered their True Story. London: Bloomsbury.
ISBN978-0-7475-0309-5.
^Asperger, Hans (June 3, 1944). "Die "Autistischen Psychopathen" im Kindesalter". Archiv für Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten. 117 (1): 76–136.
doi:
10.1007/BF01837709.
S2CID33674869.
^Prose, Francine (August 1, 2014).
"Anne Frank's final entry". CNN. Retrieved August 1, 2014. On Friday, August 4, 1944... a car pulled up in front of a spice warehouse at
263 Prinsengracht in Amsterdam. Inside the car were an Austrian Gestapo officer and his Dutch subordinates, who, acting on a tip-off (whose source has never been identified), had come to arrest the eight Jews who had been hiding for two years in an attic above the warehouse. The eight prisoners were taken to a deportation camp, from where they were sent to
Auschwitz. Only one of them, Otto Frank, would survive.
^Bruge, Roger (1994). 1944 – Le temps des Massacres: Les crimes de la Gestapo et de la 51e Brigade SS. Albin Michel.
ISBN2-226-06966-6.
^Van der Zee, Henri A. (1982). The Hunger Winter: Occupied Holland 1944–5. London: Norman & Hobhouse.
ISBN978-0-906908-71-6.
^Penkkala-Arikka, Päivi (2006) Erään Mauno Olavin tarina. Olavi Laiho, viimeinen teloitettu suomalainen ["A Story of one Mauno Olavi. Olavi Laiho, the last executed Finn."]. (Master's thesis) University of Helsinki
^van der Kuil, Peter (March 2003).
"List of Casualties". The Sinking of the Junyo Maru. Archived from
the original on March 12, 2012.
^As does
Kenneth Branagh reprising the role over forty years later in his successful
remake.
^Reed, John (1977). "Largest Wartime Explosions: 21 Maintenance Unit, RAF Fauld, Staffs. November 27, 1944". After the Battle. 18: 35–40.
ISSN0306-154X.
^"Mildred Harris Dies In West". St. Petersburg Times. Associated Press. July 21, 1944. Retrieved November 29, 2021. ... actress in the silent film days, and first wife of Comedian Charles Spencer Chaplin, died yesterday of pneumonia which followed a major abdominal operation....