From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Calendar year
Wikimedia Commons has media related to
1908 .
1908 (
MCMVIII ) was a
leap year starting on Wednesday of the
Gregorian calendar and a
leap year starting on Tuesday of the
Julian calendar , the 1908th year of the
Common Era (CE) and
Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 908th year of the
2nd millennium , the 8th year of the
20th century , and the 9th year of the
1900s decade. As of the start of 1908, the Gregorian calendar was 13 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.
Calendar year
This is the longest year in either the Julian or Gregorian calendars, having a duration of 31622401.38 seconds of
Terrestrial Time (or
ephemeris time ), measured according to the definition of mean
solar time .
[1]
Events
January
1908
Baby New Year on the cover of
The Saturday Evening Post .
January 24:
Boy Scout movement.
February
March
April
May
June
July
July:
1908 Summer Olympics .
July 1 –
SOS comes into force internationally as a
distress signal (originally for ship-to-shore
wireless telegraphy ).
[9]
July 3 –
Young Turk Revolution in the
Ottoman Empire : Major Ahmed Niyazi, with 200 followers (Ottoman troops and civilians), begins an open revolution by defecting from the 3rd Army Corps in
Macedonia , decamping into the hill country.
July 6 –
Robert Peary sets sail for the
North Pole .
July 8 – French aviator
Léon Delagrange makes the world's first flight with a female passenger, his partner and fellow sculptor
Thérèse Peltier .
[10]
July 11 –
12 – The steamship Amalthea , housing 80 British
strikebreakers in
Malmö harbour,
Sweden , is bombed by
Anton Nilson ; 1 is killed, 20 injured.
July 11 – The Western University of Pennsylvania is renamed the
University of Pittsburgh .
July 13 –
25 – The
1908 Summer Olympics are held in London. (Originally scheduled to be in Rome, but changed due to the Mount Vesuvius eruption of 1906.
[11]
Figure skating events are held in London from
October 28 –
29 .)
July 19 –
Feyenoord , the first Dutch football club to
win the
UEFA Champions League , is founded at
Rotterdam ,
Netherlands
July 23 –
Young Turk Revolution : The
Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) issues a formal ultimatum to
Sultan Abdul Hamid II , to restore the constitution of
1876 within the
Ottoman Empire ; it is restored the following day.
July 24 – Italian
Dorando Pietri wins the Olympic
marathon (run from
Windsor Castle to London) in one of the most dramatic arrivals in Olympic history, only to be disqualified soon afterwards for receiving assistance; victory is awarded to Irish-American
Johnny Hayes .
July 27 –
28 – The
1908 Hong Kong typhoon sinks the passenger steamer Ying King , causing 421 deaths.
August
September
October
October 1:
Ford Model T launch.
November
December
Undated
This is the coldest recorded year since
1880 , according to
NASA reports.
[19]
Births
January
Edward Teller
February
Rómulo Betancourt
Sir William McMahon
February 1 –
George Pal , Hungarian-born American animator (died
1980 )
February 5 –
Peg Entwistle , Welsh actress (died
1932 )
February 6
February 7 –
Buster Crabbe , American swimmer, actor (died
1983 )
February 11 –
Vivian Fuchs , English geologist, explorer (died
1999 )
February 17 –
Bo Yibo , Chinese politician (died
2007 )
February 19 –
Qin Hanzhang , Chinese engineer (died
2019 )
February 22
February 23 –
Sir William McMahon , 20th Prime Minister of Australia (died
1988 )
February 26
February 27 – Herbert Wiere, Austrian-born American
slapstick comedian, member of the
Wiere Brothers (died
1999 )
February 29 –
Balthus , French painter (died
2001 )
March
Rex Harrison
April
Bette Davis
Herbert von Karajan
April 1 –
Abraham Maslow , American psychologist (died
1970 )
[23]
April 2 –
Buddy Ebsen , American actor and dancer (died
2003 )
April 5
April 7 –
Percy Faith , Canadian-born American composer, musician (died
1976 )
April 9 –
Paula Nenette Pepin , French composer, pianist and lyricist (died
1990 )
April 11
April 12 –
Carlos Lleras Restrepo , President of Colombia (died
1994 )
April 15 –
Lita Grey , American actress (died
1995 )
April 20 –
Lionel Hampton , African-American musician and bandleader (died
2002 )
April 24 –
Józef Gosławski , Polish sculptor, medallic artist (died
1963 )
April 25 –
Edward R. Murrow , American journalist (died
1965 )
April 26 –
Fred Phillips , American
make-up artist (died
1993 )
April 28 –
Oskar Schindler , Austro-Hungarian (Sudeten German) industrialist (died
1974 )
April 29 –
Jack Williamson , American science fiction author (died
2006 )
April 30
May
Arturo de Córdova
James Stewart
Mel Blanc
May 1 –
Krystyna Skarbek , Polish-born World War II heroine (died
1952 )
May 5 –
Kurt Böhme , German bass (died
1989 )
May 7 –
Max Grundig , German inventor, industrialist (died
1989 )
May 8 –
Arturo de Córdova , Mexican actor (died
1973 )
May 17 –
Muhammad Ahmad Mahgoub , Sudanese author, 6th
Prime Minister of Sudan (died
1976 )
May 19 –
Percy Williams , Canadian athlete (died
1982 )
[24]
May 20 –
James Stewart , American actor (died
1997 )
[25]
May 23
May 25 –
Theodore Roethke , American poet (died
1963 )
May 26
May 28 –
Ian Fleming , English novelist (died
1964 )
[26]
May 30
May 31 –
Don Ameche , American actor (died
1993 )
[27]
June
Salvador Allende
July
Lupe Vélez
July 1 –
Luis Regueiro , Spanish footballer (died
1995 )
[30]
July 2 –
Thurgood Marshall ,
Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (died
1993 )
[31]
July 5 –
Henri of Orléans, Count of Paris , Orléanist claimant to the throne of France (died
1999 )
July 8 –
Kaii Higashiyama , Japanese painter and writer (died
1999 )
[32]
July 12
July 13 –
Garfield Todd , 5th Prime Minister of Southern Rhodesia (died
2002 )
July 17 –
Mohammad Natsir , Indonesian scholar and politician; 5th Prime Minister of Indonesia (died
1993 )
July 18 –
Lupe Vélez , Mexican actress, dancer and singer (died
1944 )
July 23 –
Karl Swenson , American actor (died
1978 )
August
Harold Holt
Sir
Don Bradman
September
Richard Wright
September 2
September 3 –
Lev Pontryagin , Russian mathematician (died
1988 )
[37]
September 4 –
Richard Wright , African-American author (died
1960 )
September 5
September 7 –
Michael E. DeBakey , American surgeon, medical researcher (died
2008 )
September 13 –
Mae Questel , American actress (died
1998 )
[38]
September 18 –
Viktor Ambartsumian , Soviet Armenian scientist (died
1996 )
[39]
September 19 –
Mika Waltari , Finnish author (died
1979 )
[40]
September 21 –
Charles Upham , New Zealand soldier, twice winner of the
Victoria Cross (died
1994 )
[41]
September 25 –
Eugen Suchoň , Slovak composer (died
1993 )
September 29 –
Eddie Tolan , American athlete (died
1967 )
[24]
September 30 –
David Oistrakh , Ukrainian-born violinist (died
1974 )
October
John Kenneth Galbraith
October 6 –
Carole Lombard , American actress (died
1942 )
October 7 –
Baek Du-jin , Korean politician, 4th
Prime Minister of the Republic of Korea (
South Korea ) (died
1993 )
October 15 –
John Kenneth Galbraith , Canadian economist (died
2006 )
October 16 –
Enver Hoxha , Albanian communist dictator (died
1985 )
October 21 –
Jorge Oteiza , Spanish painter (died
2003 )
October 23 –
Ilya Frank , Russian physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (died
1990 )
October 27 –
Lee Krasner , American painter (died
1984 )
October 28 –
Arturo Frondizi , 35th
President of Argentina (died
1995 )
October 30 –
Dmitriy Ustinov , Soviet Army officer, Minister of Defense (died
1984 )
November
December
Simon Wiesenthal
December 4 –
Alfred Hershey , American bacteriologist, Nobel Prize laureate (died
1997 )
December 6 –
Baby Face Nelson , American gangster (died
1934 )
December 9 –
Aden Adde , 1st president of Somalia (died 2007)
December 10 –
Olivier Messiaen , French composer (died
1992 )
December 11
December 14
December 16 –
Hans Schaffner , 69th
President of Switzerland (died
2004 )
December 17 –
Willard Libby , American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (died
1980 )
December 28 –
Lew Ayres , American actor (died
1996 )
December 31 –
Simon Wiesenthal , Austrian Nazi-hunter (died
2005 )
[45]
Date unknown
Deaths
January–March
Wilhelm Busch
Carlos I of Portugal
Henry Campbell-Bannerman
Prince Yamashina Kikumaro
Grover Cleveland
January 9 –
Wilhelm Busch , German painter, poet (born
1832 )
[47]
January 14 –
Holger Drachmann , Danish poet (born
1846 )
[48]
January 17 –
Ferdinand IV, Grand Duke of Tuscany (born
1835 )
January 20 –
William Wood , American ventriloquist (born c. 1861)
January 23 –
Edward MacDowell , American composer (born
1860 )
January 25 –
Ouida , English writer (born
1839 )
[49]
February 1
February 17
February 22 –
Eliza A. Pittsinger , "The California Poetess" (born
1837 )
February 29
March 3 –
Sidney Hill , English philanthropist (born
1829 )
March 11 –
Edmondo De Amicis , Italian novelist (born
1846 )
[50]
March 27 –
Charles N. Sims , American Methodist preacher, third chancellor of
Syracuse University (born
1835 )
March 29 –
Esther Pugh , American temperance reformer (born
1834 )
March 30 –
Chester Gillette , American murderer (executed) (born
1883 )
April–June
April 20 –
Henry Chadwick , English-born American baseball writer (born
1824 )
April 22
April 26 –
Karl Möbius , German ecologist (born
1825 )
[51]
May 2 –
Prince Yamashina Kikumaro , Japanese prince (born
1873 )
May 17 –
Carl Koldewey , German explorer (born
1837 )
[52]
May 23 –
François Coppée , French poet, playwright and novelist (born
1842 )
[53]
May 24 –
Old Tom Morris , Scottish golfer (born
1821 )
May 26 –
Mirza Ghulam Ahmad , Sikh Empire-born founder of the
Ahmadiyya movement in Islam (born
1835 )
June 2 –
Sir Redvers Buller , British general, Victoria Cross recipient (born
1839 )
June 5 –
Jef Lambeaux , Belgian sculptor (born
1852 )
June 9 –
Drusilla Wilson , American temperance leader and Quaker pastor (born
1815 )
June 14 –
Frederick Stanley, 16th Earl of Derby , Governor-General of Canada, founder of the Stanley Cup (born
1841 )
June 20
June 21 –
Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov , Russian composer (born
1844 )
June 24 –
Grover Cleveland , 22nd and 24th
President of the United States (born
1837 )
July–September
Demetrius Vikelas
Henri Becquerel
Servant of God
John Berthier
Tomás Estrada Palma
Emperor
Guangxu of
China
July 3 –
Joel Chandler Harris , American author (born
1848 )
July 5 –
Jonas Lie , Norwegian writer (born
1833 )
July 6 –
Felipe Calderón y Roca , Filipino politician (born
1868 )
July 12 –
William D. Coleman , 13th
President of Liberia (born
1842 )
[54]
July 19 –
Ignacio de Veintemilla , 11th
President of Ecuador (born
1828 )
July 20 –
Demetrius Vikelas , 1st
President of the International Olympic Committee (born
1835 )
July 22 –
Sir Randal Cremer , English politician and pacifist, Nobel Prize laureate (born
1828 )
July 24 –
Sigismondo Savona , Maltese educator and politician (born
1835 )
[55]
August 4 –
Radoje Domanović , Serbian writer (born
1873 )
August 7 –
Antonio Starabba, Marchese di Rudinì , 12th
Prime Minister of Italy (born
1839 )
August 24 –
Éleuthère Mascart , French physicist (born
1837 )
August 25 –
Henri Becquerel , French physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (born
1852 )
August 26 –
Tony Pastor , American theater impresario (born
1837 )
August 31 –
Leslie Green , British architect (born
1875 )
September 17 –
Thomas Selfridge , United States Army officer, first person killed in an airplane crash (born
1882 )
September 20 –
Pablo de Sarasate , Spanish violinist, composer (born
1844 )
September 21
September 25 –
Frank Robison , American baseball executive, early owner of the
St. Louis Cardinals (born
1852 )
September 29 –
Machado de Assis , Brazilian author (born
1839 )
October–December
October 11 –
Rita Cetina Gutiérrez , Mexican educator, poet and activist (born
1846 )
October 16 –
John Berthier , French
Roman Catholic priest, missionary and servant of God (born
1840 )
October 18 –
Nozu Michitsura , Japanese general (born
1840 )
October 26 –
Enomoto Takeaki , Japanese samurai , admiral (born
1836 )
October 30 –
Caroline Schermerhorn Astor , American socialite (born
1830 )
October –
Gus Rogers , American vaudevillian (born 1869)
November 1 –
Mary F. Eastman , American educator, lecturer, writer and suffragist (born
1833 )
November 4
November 7
November 8
November 14 – Emperor
Guangxu of China (born
1871 )
November 15 –
Empress Dowager Cixi of China (born
1835 )
[56]
November 17 –
Lydia Thompson , English dancer, actress (born
1838 )
November 22 –
Paul Taffanel , French flautist, composer (born
1844 )
December 13 –
Augustus Le Plongeon , American archaeologist (born
1825 )
December 22 –
Jacob Parrott , the first person to receive the American
Medal of Honor , one of six presented on March 25, 1863, to the heroes of the
Great Locomotive Chase during the American Civil War (born
1843 )
Date unknown
Nobel Prizes
References
^ Stephenson, F. R.; Morrison, L. V.; Whitrow, G. J. (1984).
"Long-Term Changes in the Rotation of the Earth: 700 B.C. to A.D. 1980" (PDF) .
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A . 313 (1524): 47–70.
Bibcode :
1984RSPTA.313...47S .
doi :
10.1098/rsta.1984.0082 .
ISSN
0080-4614 .
S2CID
120566848 .
Archived from the original on January 5, 2016. Retrieved May 24, 2012 .
^
"The Founding of Panathinaikos" . Panathinaikos .
Archived from the original on January 3, 2021. Retrieved April 29, 2019 .
^
Jenkins, Roy (1986). "An Assured Succession 1908". Asquith (Third ed.). London: Collins. pp. 179–180.
ISBN
0002177129 .
^
"Ballarat Genealogy : Newspaper Report of the accident" . ballaratgenealogy.org.au. Archived from
the original on February 11, 2012.
^
"Our 100 Years" .
Archived from the original on December 10, 2022. Retrieved November 7, 2021 .
^ Pasechnik, I. P. (1986). "Refinement of the moment of explosion of the Tunguska meteorite from the seismic data". Cosmic Matter and the Earth (in Russian). Novosibirsk: Nauka. p. 66.
^ Farinella, Paolo; Foschini, L.; Froeschlé, Christiane; Gonczi, R.; Jopek, T. J.; Longo, G.; Michel, Patrick (2001).
"Probable asteroidal origin of the Tunguska Cosmic Body" (PDF) .
Astronomy & Astrophysics . 377 (3): 1081–1097.
Bibcode :
2001A&A...377.1081F .
doi :
10.1051/0004-6361:20011054 .
Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2013. Retrieved August 23, 2011 .
^ Trayner, Chris (1994).
"Perplexities of the Tunguska Meteorite" .
The Observatory . 114 : 227–231.
Bibcode :
1994Obs...114..227T .
Archived from the original on June 20, 2013. Retrieved August 23, 2011 .
^
"Article XVI" , Service Regulations annexed to the
International Radiotelegraph Convention , Berlin, p. 34, November 3, 1906,
archived from the original on November 29, 2023, retrieved October 3, 2023 .
^
"Therese Peltier" . Women in aviation and space history .
Archived from the original on September 29, 2017. Retrieved May 7, 2017 .
^ Penguin Pocket On This Day . Penguin Reference Library. 2006.
ISBN
0-14-102715-0 .
^
"American Messenger Service, forerunner of UPS, begins in a saloon in Seattle's Pioneer Square on August 28, 1907" . www.historylink.org . HistoryLink.org.
Archived from the original on February 15, 2023. Retrieved February 15, 2023 .
^
"BBC Blogs – Wales – The great storm of 1908" . August 31, 2010.
Archived from the original on July 27, 2019. Retrieved July 17, 2019 .
^
"Model T Facts" (Press release). US: Ford. Archived from
the original on September 28, 2013. Retrieved April 23, 2013 .
^ Approximately $21,597 in 2017, when adjusted for inflation.
^ Blake, Richard. The Book of Postal Dates, 1635–1985 . Caterham: Marden. p. 20.
^ Arrigo, Elisa (2003).
"Corporate Responsibility in Scarcity Economy: The Olivetti Case" . Symphonya. Emerging Issues in Management . 1 : 114–134 – via SSRN.
^
"Gulf of Corcovado" . Tyne Built Ships .
Archived from the original on July 8, 2019.
^
"Data.GISS: GISS Surface Temperature Analysis (GISTEMP v4)" . data.giss.nasa.gov .
Archived from the original on May 17, 2019. Retrieved January 23, 2016 .
^ Terry Keefe (April 20, 1998).
Simone De Beauvoir . Macmillan International Higher Education. p. 2.
ISBN
978-1-349-26390-5 .
Archived from the original on August 7, 2021. Retrieved August 7, 2021 .
^ Raymond Horricks (August 21, 1985).
Stephane Grappelli . Da Capo Press. p. 8.
ISBN
978-0-306-80257-7 .
Archived from the original on August 7, 2021. Retrieved August 7, 2021 .
^
"John Mills" . BFI . Archived from
the original on May 11, 2016. Retrieved April 23, 2022 .
^ Robert B. Ewen (March 1998).
Personality: A Topical Approach – Theories, Research, Major Controversies, and Emerging Findings . Psychology Press. p. 24.
ISBN
978-0-8058-3146-7 .
Archived from the original on August 7, 2021. Retrieved August 7, 2021 .
^
a
b Roberto Quercetani (1964).
A World History of Track and Field Athletics, 1864–1964 . Oxford University Press. p. xxv.
Archived from the original on August 7, 2021. Retrieved August 7, 2021 .
^ Allan Hunter (1985).
James Stewart . Spellmount. p. 13.
ISBN
978-0-946771-81-3 .
Archived from the original on August 7, 2021. Retrieved August 7, 2021 .
^ Robert Druce (1992).
This Day Our Daily Fictions: An Enquiry Into the Multi-million Bestseller Status of Enid Blyton and Ian Fleming . Rodopi. p. 46.
ISBN
978-90-5183-401-7 .
Archived from the original on August 7, 2021. Retrieved August 7, 2021 .
^ David Shipman (October 23, 2011).
"Don Ameche" . The Independent .
Archived from the original on August 7, 2021. Retrieved August 7, 2021 .
^ John R. Shook (January 1, 2005).
Dictionary of Modern American Philosophers . A&C Black. p. 1983.
ISBN
978-1-84371-037-0 .
Archived from the original on August 7, 2021. Retrieved August 7, 2021 .
^ Salvador Allende Gossens (1970).
Salvador Allende: English and Spanish Texts of His Political Platform, the Program of the Popular Front, and His Biography . Editorial Ardilla. p. 53.
Archived from the original on August 7, 2021. Retrieved August 7, 2021 .
^ Zamora, Gerson.
"El Equipo de Futbol Euzkadi en Mexico, biographical section" (PDF) . Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico.
Archived (PDF) from the original on January 23, 2016. Retrieved August 7, 2021 .
^ Randall Walton Bland; Randall W Bland, PH D (2001).
Justice Thurgood Marshall: Crusader for Liberalism : His Judicial Biography, 1908–1993 . Academica Press. p. 2.
ISBN
978-1-930901-23-0 .
Archived from the original on August 7, 2021. Retrieved August 7, 2021 .
^
"Kaii Higashiyama" . Olmepedia .
Archived from the original on October 25, 2022. Retrieved October 25, 2022 .
^
"International Tennis Hall of Fame" . www.tennisfame.com .
Archived from the original on November 7, 2020. Retrieved September 22, 2020 .
^ Martti Jukola (1932).
Athletics in Finland . W. Söderström osakeyhtiö, Porvoo. p. 71.
Archived from the original on August 7, 2021. Retrieved August 7, 2021 .
^ André Pieyre de Mandiargues; Henri Cartier-Bresson; Ferdinando Scianna (1984).
Henri Cartier-Bresson: Portraits . Collins. p. 51.
ISBN
978-0-00-411947-2 .
Archived from the original on August 7, 2021. Retrieved August 7, 2021 .
^ Elizabeth H. Oakes (2004).
American Writers . Infobase Publishing. p. 303.
ISBN
978-1-4381-0809-4 .
Archived from the original on August 7, 2021. Retrieved August 7, 2021 .
^ Yakov Sinai (October 8, 2003).
Russian Mathematicians In The 20th Century . World Scientific. p. 345.
ISBN
978-981-4492-55-3 .
Archived from the original on July 3, 2021. Retrieved August 7, 2021 .
^ Mark Christopher Carnes (2002).
American National Biography: Supplement . Oxford University Press. p. 454.
ISBN
978-0-19-522202-9 .
Archived from the original on August 7, 2021. Retrieved August 7, 2021 .
^
Journal of Contemporary Physics . Allerton Press. 1998. p. 43.
Archived from the original on August 7, 2021. Retrieved August 7, 2021 .
^
Mika Waltari
Archived January 26, 2021, at the
Wayback Machine at the
Encyclopædia Britannica
^ Sandford, Kenneth (1990) [1962]. Mark of the Lion: The Story of Capt. Charles Upham, V.C. and Bar . London: Arrow.
ISBN
0-09-964430-4 .
^
"Carlos Arias Navarro | prime minister of Spain | Britannica" . www.britannica.com .
Archived from the original on April 16, 2019. Retrieved May 19, 2022 .
^ Karl Strute; Theodor Doelken (1983).
Who's who in Austria: 1982–1983 : a Biographical Encyclopedia of the International Red Series Containing Some 5.500 Biographies of Prominent Living Personalities in Austria... Who's Who. p. 593.
ISBN
978-3-921220-44-3 .
Archived from the original on August 7, 2021. Retrieved August 7, 2021 .
^
"Overlooked No More: Doria Shafik, Who Led Egypt's Women's Liberation Movement" . The New York Times . August 22, 2018.
ISSN
0362-4331 .
Archived from the original on December 12, 2019. Retrieved February 16, 2023 .
^ Frank Northen Magill (1990).
Great Lives from History: Rou-Z . Salem Press. p. 2457.
ISBN
978-0-89356-570-1 .
Archived from the original on August 7, 2021. Retrieved August 7, 2021 .
^
"Takieddin Solh, Ex-Lebanese Premier, 80" . New York Times . November 30, 1988.
Archived from the original on July 9, 2021. Retrieved July 6, 2021 .
^ Lotze, Dieter (1979). Wilhelm Busch . Boston: Twayne Publishers. p. 21.
ISBN
9780805763652 .
^
The Literary Year-book . G. Routledge. 1909. p. 384.
Archived from the original on August 7, 2021. Retrieved August 7, 2021 .
^
"Cosmopolis History of The Langham" . February 5, 2004. Retrieved October 20, 2010 .
^ Louise Restieaux Hawkes (1933).
Before and After Pinocchio: A Study of Italian Children's Books . Puppet Press. p. 88.
Archived from the original on August 7, 2021. Retrieved August 7, 2021 .
^ Redi, Carlo (2000). Visual zoology: the Pavia collection of Leuckart's zoological wall charts (1877 . Como: Ibis. p. 69.
ISBN
9788871641300 .
^ "Obituary". The Geographical Journal . Royal Geographical Society: 191. 1908.
^ John Parker (1967).
Who's who in the Theatre . Pitman. p. 1609.
Archived from the original on April 15, 2021. Retrieved August 7, 2021 .
^ Dunn, Elwood D.; Beyan, Amos J.; Burrowes, Carl Patrick (2000).
Historical Dictionary of Liberia . Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. pp. 80–81.
ISBN
9781461659310 .
^ Schiavone, Michael J. (2009). Dictionary of Maltese Biographies Vol. II G–Z .
Pietà : Pubblikazzjonijiet Indipendenza. pp. 1414–1415.
ISBN
9789993291329 .
^
"Cixi | Biography & Facts" . Encyclopedia Britannica .
Archived from the original on October 10, 2019. Retrieved January 8, 2020 .
Further reading
The Annual Register for 1908 , British and world events
online
Gilbert, Martin. A History of the Twentieth Century: Volume 1 1900–1933 (1997); global coverage of politics, diplomacy and warfare; pp 105 – 22.